The role of microRNAs in understanding sex-based differences in Alzheimer's disease.

BACKGROUND: The incidence of Alzheimer's disease (AD)-the most frequent cause of dementia-is expected to increase as life expectancies rise across the globe. While sex-based differences in AD have previously been described, there remain uncertainties regarding any association between sex and disease-associated molecular mechanisms. Studying sex-specific expression profiles of regulatory factors such as microRNAs (miRNAs) could contribute to more accurate disease diagnosis and treatment. METHODS: A systematic review identified six studies of microRNA expression in AD patients that incorporated information regarding the biological sex of samples in the Gene Expression Omnibus repository. A differential microRNA expression analysis was performed, considering disease status and patient sex. Subsequently, results were integrated within a meta-analysis methodology, with a functional enrichment of meta-analysis results establishing an association between altered miRNA expression and relevant Gene Ontology terms. RESULTS: Meta-analyses of miRNA expression profiles in blood samples revealed the alteration of sixteen miRNAs in female and 22 miRNAs in male AD patients. We discovered nine miRNAs commonly overexpressed in both sexes, suggesting a shared miRNA dysregulation profile. Functional enrichment results based on miRNA profiles revealed sex-based differences in biological processes; most affected processes related to ubiquitination, regulation of different kinase activities, and apoptotic processes in males, but RNA splicing and translation in females. Meta-analyses of miRNA expression profiles in brain samples revealed the alteration of six miRNAs in female and four miRNAs in male AD patients. We observed a single underexpressed miRNA in female and male AD patients (hsa-miR-767-5p); however, the functional enrichment analysis for brain samples did not reveal any specifically affected biological process. CONCLUSIONS: Sex-specific meta-analyses supported the detection of differentially expressed miRNAs in female and male AD patients, highlighting the relevance of sex-based information in biomedical data. Further studies on miRNA regulation in AD patients should meet the criteria for comparability and standardization of information.

Alzheimer's disease (AD)­a neurodegenerative disease mainly affecting older patients­is characterized by cognitive deterioration, memory loss, and progressive incapacitation in daily activities. While AD affects almost twice as many females as males, and cognitive deterioration and brain atrophy develop more rapidly in females, the biological causes of these differences remain poorly understood. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) regulate gene expression and impact a wide variety of biological processes; therefore, studying the differential expression of miRNAs in female and male AD patients could contribute to a better understanding of the disease. We reviewed studies of miRNA expression in female and male AD patients and integrated results using a meta-analysis methodology and then identified those genes regulated by the altered miRNAs to establish an association with biological processes. We found 16 (females) and 22 (males) miRNAs altered in the blood of AD patients. Functional enrichment revealed sex-based differences in the affected altered biological processes­protein modification and degradation and cell death in male AD patients and RNA processing in female AD patients. A similar analysis in the brains of AD patients revealed six (females) and four (males) miRNAs with altered expression; however, our analysis failed to highlight any specifically altered biological processes. Overall, we highlight the sex-based differential expression of miRNAs (and biological processes affected) in the blood and brain of AD patients.

Evolución de la tendencia de búsqueda en España de los términos “Ansiedad”, “Depresión” y “Suicidio” entre 2019 y 2022: Antes, durante y después de la pandemia por COVID-19 / Evolution of the search trend in Spain for the terms “Anxiety”, “Depression” and “Suicide” between 2019 and 2022: Before, during and after the COVID-19 pandemic

Introducción: La pandemia por COVID-19 ha incrementado la prevalencia de la ansiedad, la depresión y el suicidio en la mayoría de los países. La utilización de herramientas como Google Trends ha mostrado su eficacia en el seguimiento de diferentes enfermedades y trastornos mentales, con la posibilidad de mejorar la respuesta sanitaria. En esta investigación se analizó la evolución de las tendencias de búsqueda de los términos “Ansiedad”, “Depresión” y “Suicidio” en las comunidades autónomas españolas entre 2019 y 2022. Método: Se utilizó la herramienta Google Trends para la obtención del Volumen Relativo de Búsqueda (VRB). Resultados: El VRB para “Ansiedad” se incrementó en 2020 y se mantuvo estable y moderado hasta 2022, mientras que para “Depresión” se mostró un incremento solo en 2022. Por otro lado, el VRB para “Suicidio” se redujo progresivamente de 2019 a 2022. Las comunidades que mostraron mayores niveles en VRB para “Ansiedad” y “Depresión” fueron Asturias y Aragón, que partían en 2019 con niveles altos que mantuvieron en los años posteriores. Mientras que Extremadura fue la comunidad que mayor progresión mostró, llegando a 2022 con niveles altos en ansiedad y depresión. Respecto al “Suicidio”, Castilla y León, Cantabria, Murcia y Andalucía, fueron las comunidades que tuvieron mayor VRB, si bien todas las comunidades mostraron disminuciones progresivas de 2019 a 2022. Conclusiones: Estudios que analicen las tendencias de búsqueda podrían ser útiles en determinadas situaciones de emergencia, facilitando la implementación de intervenciones preventivas y adaptadas a cada comunidad, que podrían atenuar el impacto sobre la salud mental.(AU)

Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic has increased the prevalence of anxiety, depression and suicide in most countries. The use of tools such as Google Trends has shown to be effective in monitoring different mental illnesses and disorders, with the potential to improve the health response. In this research we analyse the evolution of search trends for the terms “Anxiety”, “Depression” and “Suicide” in the Spanish autonomous communities between 2019 and 2022. Method: We used the Google Trends tool to obtain the Relative Search Volume (RSV). Results: The RSV of “Anxiety” increased in 2020 and remained stable and moderate until 2022, while “Depression” showed an increase only in 2022. On the other hand, the RSV of “Suicide” decreased progressively from 2019 to 2022. The communities that showed the highest levels of RSV for “Anxiety” and “Depression” were Asturias and Aragon, which started in 2019 with high levels that they maintained in the following years. While Extremadura was the community that showed the greatest progression, arriving in 2022 with high levels of anxiety and depression. Regarding “Suicide”, Castilla and León, Cantabria, Murcia and Andalusia, were the Communities with the highest RSV, although all communities showed progressive decreases from 2019 to 2022. Conclusions: Studies that analyse search trends could be useful in certain emergency situations, facilitating the implementation of preventive interventions adapted to each community, which could mitigate the impact on mental health.(AU)

Analysis of attentional biases in anxiety using 24 facial priming sequences.

The processing of emotional facial expressions helps people to adjust to the physical and social environment. Furthermore, mental disorders such as anxiety have been linked to attentional biases in the processing of this type of information. Nevertheless, there are still contradictory results that might be due to the methodology used and to individual differences in the manifestation of anxiety. Our research goal was to use 24 facial priming sequences to analyse attentional biases in the detection of facial expressions of fear, considering the levels and the ways in which individuals express anxiety. With higher levels of cognitive anxiety and general trait anxiety, those sequences that began in the upper half (vs. lower half) elicited a speedier response in the detection of fear. The results are discussed within the context of other techniques and disorders that prompt a deficit in the processing of facial information.

Unveiling sex-based differences in Parkinson's disease: a comprehensive meta-analysis of transcriptomic studies.

BACKGROUND: In recent decades, increasing longevity (among other factors) has fostered a rise in Parkinson's disease incidence. Although not exhaustively studied in this devastating disease, the impact of sex represents a critical variable in Parkinson's disease as epidemiological and clinical features differ between males and females. METHODS: To study sex bias in Parkinson's disease, we conducted a systematic review to select sex-labeled transcriptomic data from three relevant brain tissues: the frontal cortex, the striatum, and the substantia nigra. We performed differential expression analysis on each study chosen. Then we summarized the individual differential expression results with three tissue-specific meta-analyses and a global all-tissues meta-analysis. Finally, results from the meta-analysis were functionally characterized using different functional profiling approaches. RESULTS: The tissue-specific meta-analyses linked Parkinson's disease to the enhanced expression of MED31 in the female frontal cortex and the dysregulation of 237 genes in the substantia nigra. The global meta-analysis detected 15 genes with sex-differential patterns in Parkinson's disease, which participate in mitochondrial function, oxidative stress, neuronal degeneration, and cell death. Furthermore, functional analyses identified pathways, protein-protein interaction networks, and transcription factors that differed by sex. While male patients exhibited changes in oxidative stress based on metal ions, inflammation, and angiogenesis, female patients exhibited dysfunctions in mitochondrial and lysosomal activity, antigen processing and presentation functions, and glutamic and purine metabolism. All results generated during this study are readily available by accessing an open web resource ( http://bioinfo.cipf.es/metafun-pd/ ) for consultation and reuse in further studies. CONCLUSIONS: Our in silico approach has highlighted sex-based differential mechanisms in typical Parkinson Disease hallmarks (inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and oxidative stress). Additionally, we have identified specific genes and transcription factors for male and female Parkinson Disease patients that represent potential candidates as biomarkers to diagnosis.

Útero bicorporeo - doble cérvix con embarazo gemelar en una sola cavidad uterina: reporte de caso / Bicorporeo uterus - double cervix with twin pregnancy in a single uterine cavity: case report

El embarazo gemelar en una de las cavidades uterinas del útero bicorpóreo es una rara presentación clínica. La viabilidad de este tipo de embarazo es de baja probabilidad, dado que esta malformación puede condicionar parto prematuro, placentación anormal, restricción del crecimiento fetal o progresión anormal del trabajo de parto. Se presenta un caso de un útero bicorpóreo con doble cérvix y una gestación gemelar en unas de las cavidades uterinas, con muerte fetal de uno de los fetos y parto pretérmino de 28 semanas del otro gemelo. Dada la rareza de la presentación se describen el caso y los hallazgos imagenológicos representativos.

Twin pregnancy in one of the uterine cavities of the bicoporous uterus is a rare clinical presentation. The viability of this type of pregnancy is unlikely since this malformation can lead to premature delivery, abnormal placentation, fetal growth restriction or abnormal progression of labor. We present a case of bicoporous uterus with double cervix with twin pregnancy in one of the uterine cavities, with stillbirth of one of the fetuses and preterm delivery of the other twin at 28 weeks. Given the rarity of the presentation, the case and representative imaging findings are described.

Síndrome de teratoma creciente. Reporte de caso / Growing Teratoma Syndrome. A Case Report

Resumen El síndrome de teratoma creciente es una entidad en la cual existen modificaciones histológicas de un teratoma maligno inmaduro tratado con quimioterapia y con marcadores tumorales negativos a un teratoma maduro. Dada la baja incidencia de la patología, se presenta el caso de una paciente con antecedente de tumoración ovárica con reporte de teratoma inmaduro la cual fue extraída. Recibió quimioterapia y normalización de marcadores séricos. Posteriormente presentó la aparición de una tumoración pélvica, retroperitoneal y hepática que nuevamente requirió intervención quirúrgica, con reporte patológico de teratoma quístico maduro.

Abstract Growing teratoma syndrome is an entity in which there are histological modifications of an immature malignant teratoma treated with chemotherapy and with negative tumor markers to a mature teratoma. Given the low incidence of the pathology, a case of a patient with a history of ovarian tumors with report of immature teratoma which was extracted is reported. The patient received chemotherapy with normalization of serum markers. Subsequently she presented a pelvic, retroperitoneal and hepatic tumor that again required surgical intervention with pathological report of mature cystic teratoma.

Onoseriolide, from Hedyosmum racemosum, induces cytotoxicity and apoptosis in human colon cancer cells.

The number of colon cancer patients is increasing, and new alternatives for treatment are important. We focused on the sesquiterpene lactone onoseriolide from Hedyosmum racemosum, which is widely used in traditional medicine. This compound was evaluated to determine its cytotoxic effect and the mechanism of cell death that is induced in the human colon cancer cell line RKO. A dose-dependent decrease in cell viability was observed. p53 expression increased followed by an increase in p21 expression, which is involved in cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase. Caspase-3 activation and PARP-1 cleavage, which are apoptotic markers, were also monitored. Autophagy markers were also studied, and Beclin 1 was downregulated, while LC-3II increased in a dose-dependent manner. There were no changes in SQSTM1/p62 regulation. Onoseriolide exerts cytotoxic and cytostatic effects, activating the autophagy pathway as a protective mechanism and apoptosis as the cell death pathway.

Emotional affection on a sustained attention task: The importance the aging process and depression.

Chronic pain is a complex experience that has now become a major public health issue. This has prompted many researchers to study attention, understanding it to be a crucial factor that allows altering the experience of pain, while attributing considerable importance to sustained attention. Accordingly, the main studies in this field stress the importance of emotion regulation processes and emotions on the perception of painful stimuli and attentional processes themselves. Nevertheless, only a handful of studies have been found that directly study the relationship between these variables. Within this context, this article sets out to analyse emotional regulation processes, emotional variables (depression and anxiety), the experience of pain, and age on the ability to maintain the vigilance response in a sample of patients with chronic pain. This involved selecting a sample of 49 patients with rheumatoid arthritis and examining their performance in an ad-hoc sustained attention test. With a view to complying with the study's main purpose, the participants were also assessed through the use of the following self-report measures: the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-I); the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS); the McGill Pain Questionnaire, and the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS). Linear regression analyses revealed a significant impact of the aging process on the performance times in the attention task. Likewise, age and depression recorded a significant correlation with the mistakes made during the task. These results suggest that higher depression levels and an older age might be related to a worse adaptation to pain management techniques based on attention processes, such as mindfulness.

The role of rumination in the guilt associated with bereavement according to cause of death.

The purpose of this study was to analyse the role rumination plays in the relationship between cause of death and the guilt present during bereavement. The sample consisted of 90 people that had suffered a loss due to an expected or unexpected natural death, suicide or accident. The results suggest that rumination increases the levels of guilt felt by people that had suffered a loss due to suicide compared to those whose loss was due to an expected natural death. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms with an influence on bereavement.

Role of Surprise in the Discrimination of the Facial Expression of Fear.

The facilitating role of the facial expression of surprise in the discrimination of the facial expression of fear was analyzed. The sample consisted of 202 subjects that undertook a forced-choice test in which they had to decide as quickly as possible whether the facial expression displayed on-screen was one of fear, anger or happiness. Variations were made to the prime expression (neutral expression, or one of surprise); the target expression (facial expression of fear, anger or happiness), and the prime duration (50 ms, 150 ms or 250 ms). The results revealed shorter reaction times in the response to the expression of fear when the prime expression was one of surprise, with a prime duration of 50 ms (p = .009) and 150 ms (p = .001), compared to when the prime expression was a neutral one. By contrast, the reaction times were longer in the discrimination of an expression of fear when the prime expression was one of surprise with a prime duration of 250 ms (p < .0001), compared to when the prime expression was a neutral one. This pattern of results was obtained solely in the discrimination of the expression of fear. The discussion focuses on these findings and the possible functional continuity between surprise and fear.

Role of surprise in the discrimination of the facial expression of fear

The facilitating role of the facial expression of surprise in the discrimination of the facial expression of fear was analyzed. The sample consisted of 202 subjects that undertook a forced-choice test in which they had to decide as quickly as possible whether the facial expression displayed on-screen was one of fear, anger or happiness. Variations were made to the prime expression (neutral expression, or one of surprise); the target expression (facial expression of fear, anger or happiness), and the prime duration (50 ms, 150 ms or 250 ms). The results revealed shorter reaction times in the response to the expression of fear when the prime expression was one of surprise, with a prime duration of 50 ms (p = .009) and 150 ms (p = .001), compared to when the prime expression was a neutral one. By contrast, the reaction times were longer in the discrimination of an expression of fear when the prime expression was one of surprise with a prime duration of 250 ms (p < .0001), compared to when the prime expression was a neutral one. This pattern of results was obtained solely in the discrimination of the expression of fear. The discussion focuses on these findings and the possible functional continuity between surprise and fear (AU)

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The Effect of Mortality Salience and Type of Life on Personality Evaluation.

Mortality salience, or awareness of the inevitability of one's own death, generates a state of anxiety that triggers a defense mechanism for the control of thinking that affects different human activities and psychological processes. This study aims to analyze the effect of mortality salience on the formation of impressions. The sample comprised 135 women who made inferences about a woman's personality from information about her life (type of life, LT: positive, negative), provided through five words, all positive or negative, that appeared surrounding a photograph, together with a sixth word that indicated whether she was "dead" or "alive" at the time (mortality manipulation, MM: dead, alive). The results pointed to a more negative assessment of life (Dead M - Alive M = -1.16, SE = .236, p < .001), emotional stability (Dead M - Alive M = -1.13, SE = .431, p = .010), and responsibility (Dead M - Alive M = -1.14, SE = .423, p = .008) only when the participants had access to negative information about the person assessed, and she was known to be dead. We discuss the results within the framework of Terror Management Theory, and analyze the different effects that the manipulation of mortality has on the formation of impressions depending on the type of information available.

The timely expression of coherence helps cause the right impression / Expresar coherencia en el momento preciso beneficia a la impresión causada

An analysis was conducted on the modulating role that the emotional coherence between verbal and non-verbal information plays on the formation of impressions. The study involved 301 subjects who made inferences on a woman’s personality based on verbal information on her life (positive, negative), the emotional coherence between verbal and nonverbal information (coherent, neutral, incoherent), and the type of coding, referring to the moment when the verbal and non-verbal information was presented to them (simultaneously, separately). The results showed that when the information is positive, coherent and the coding has been made separately, the person is perceived to be more stable, pleasant and sociable. The results are discussed, along with their implications for the adaptive processes present in natural contexts

Se analizó el papel modulador de la coherencia emocional entre la información verbal y no verbal en la formación de impresiones. Participaron 301 sujetos que realizaron inferencias sobre la personalidad de una mujer a partir de información verbal sobre su vida (positiva, negativa), la coherencia emocional entre la información verbal y no verbal (coherente, neutral, incoherente) y el tipo de codificación, referida al momento en el que se les presentó la información verbal y no verbal (simultánea, separada). Los resultados mostraron que cuando la información es positiva, coherente y la codificación se ha realizado por separado, se considera más estable, amable y sociable a la persona percibida. Se discuten los resultados y su implicación en los procesos adaptativos presentes en los contextos naturales

Papel de la experiencia en la neurología de la expresión facial de las emociones / The role of experience in the neurology of facial expression of emotions

Introduction. Facial expression of emotion has an important social function that facilitates interaction between people. This process has a neurological basis, which is not isolated from the context, or the experience of the interaction between people in that context. Yet, to date, the impact that experience has on the perception of emotions is not completely understood. Aims. To discuss the role of experience in the recognition of facial expression of emotions and to analyze the biases towards emotional perception. Development. The maturation of the structures that support the ability to recognize emotion goes through a sensitive period during adolescence, where experience may have greater impact on emotional recognition. Experiences of abuse, neglect, war, and stress generate a bias towards expressions of anger and sadness. Similarly, positive experiences generate a bias towards the expression of happiness. Conclusions. Only when people are able to use the facial expression of emotions as a channel for understanding an expression, will they be able to interact appropriately with their environment. This environment, in turn, will lead to experiences that modulate this capacity. Therefore, it is a self-regulatory process that can be directed through the implementation of intervention programs on emotional aspects (AU)

Introducción. La expresión facial de las emociones tiene una función social importante que facilita la interacción entre las personas. Este proceso tiene una base neurológica, que no se aísla del contexto ni de la experiencia acumulada por la interacción entre las personas en dicho contexto. Sin embargo, hasta la fecha, no se conocen con claridad los efectos de la experiencia sobre la percepción de las emociones. Objetivos. Discutir qué función desempeña la experiencia en el reconocimiento de la expresión facial de las emociones y analizar los sesgos que las experiencias negativas y positivas podrían tener sobre la percepción emocional. Desarrollo. La maduración de las estructuras que soportan la capacidad para reconocer la emoción pasa por un período sensible durante la adolescencia, donde la experiencia adquirida puede tener mayor impacto sobre el reconocimiento emocional. Experiencias de abuso, maltrato, abandono, guerras o estrés generan un sesgo hacia las expresiones de ira y tristeza. De igual manera, las experiencias positivas dan lugar a un sesgo hacia la expresión de alegría. Conclusiones. Sólo cuando las personas son capaces de utilizar la expresión facial de las emociones como un canal de comprensión y expresión interaccionarán de manera adecuada con su entorno. Este entorno, a su vez, dará lugar a experiencias que modulan dicha capacidad. Por lo tanto, es un proceso autorregulatorio que puede ser dirigido a través de la implementación de programas de intervención sobre los aspectos emocionales (AU)

[The role of experience in the neurology of facial expression of emotions]. / Papel de la experiencia en la neurología de la expresión facial de las emociones.

INTRODUCTION: Facial expression of emotion has an important social function that facilitates interaction between people. This process has a neurological basis, which is not isolated from the context, or the experience of the interaction between people in that context. Yet, to date, the impact that experience has on the perception of emotions is not completely understood. AIMS: To discuss the role of experience in the recognition of facial expression of emotions and to analyze the biases towards emotional perception. DEVELOPMENT: The maturation of the structures that support the ability to recognize emotion goes through a sensitive period during adolescence, where experience may have greater impact on emotional recognition. Experiences of abuse, neglect, war, and stress generate a bias towards expressions of anger and sadness. Similarly, positive experiences generate a bias towards the expression of happiness. CONCLUSIONS: Only when people are able to use the facial expression of emotions as a channel for understanding an expression, will they be able to interact appropriately with their environment. This environment, in turn, will lead to experiences that modulate this capacity. Therefore, it is a self-regulatory process that can be directed through the implementation of intervention programs on emotional aspects.

TITLE: Papel de la experiencia en la neurologia de la expresion facial de las emociones.Introduccion. La expresion facial de las emociones tiene una funcion social importante que facilita la interaccion entre las personas. Este proceso tiene una base neurologica, que no se aisla del contexto ni de la experiencia acumulada por la interaccion entre las personas en dicho contexto. Sin embargo, hasta la fecha, no se conocen con claridad los efectos de la experiencia sobre la percepcion de las emociones. Objetivos. Discutir que funcion desempeña la experiencia en el reconocimiento de la expresion facial de las emociones y analizar los sesgos que las experiencias negativas y positivas podrian tener sobre la percepcion emocional. Desarrollo. La maduracion de las estructuras que soportan la capacidad para reconocer la emocion pasa por un periodo sensible durante la adolescencia, donde la experiencia adquirida puede tener mayor impacto sobre el reconocimiento emocional. Experiencias de abuso, maltrato, abandono, guerras o estres generan un sesgo hacia las expresiones de ira y tristeza. De igual manera, las experiencias positivas dan lugar a un sesgo hacia la expresion de alegria. Conclusiones. Solo cuando las personas son capaces de utilizar la expresion facial de las emociones como un canal de comprension y expresion interaccionaran de manera adecuada con su entorno. Este entorno, a su vez, dara lugar a experiencias que modulan dicha capacidad. Por lo tanto, es un proceso autorregulatorio que puede ser dirigido a traves de la implementacion de programas de intervencion sobre los aspectos emocionales.

Diferencias en el Reconocimiento de las Emociones en Niños de 6 a 11 Años / Differences in Emotions Recognition in Children 6 to 11 Years Olds

La capacidad para reconocer las emociones es un factor necesario para la normal adaptación del niño al medio social y educativo; además de permitir la detección de trastornos como el autismo, la ansiedad y la depresión en etapas tempranas del desarrollo. Con el objetivo de comprender este proceso se realizó un experimento en el que participaron 47 niños distribuidos en tres grupos de edad (6-7, 8-9. 10-11 años), que visualizaron fotografías de expresiones faciales y corporales de alegría, tristeza, ira y miedo. Se les pidió que reconocieran la emoción expresada a partir de etiquetas relativas a estas emociones básicas y representadas con emoticonos. Los resultados mostraron un mejor reconocimiento de las expresiones faciales y corporales de miedo en los niños de 8-11 años respecto a los de 6-7 años (p < .01, r > .50). Por otro lado, se mostraron diferencias significativas (p < .01, r > .50), en el reconocimiento de las expresiones faciales de ira respecto a las corporales de ira, entre los niños de 6-7 años y los de 8-11 años. Mientras los niños de 6-7 años discriminan mejor la expresión facial de ira que la corporal, estas diferencias se invirtieron en los niños de 8-11 años. De los resultados obtenidos se puede concluir que el reconocimiento de las expresiones emocionales de ira y miedo es un importante indicador del adecuado desarrollo del niño. Educar en el reconocimiento de estas emociones a partir de la edad de 7 años, podría facilitar una mejor regulación emocional, con un efecto beneficioso sobre el rendimiento académico del niño.

The ability to recognize emotions is necessary for the normal child's adjustment to the social and educational environment, and to identify disorders including autism, anxiety and depression in the early stages of development. An experiment was performed to understanding this process. The participants were 47 children distributed in three groups (6-7, 8-9. 10-11 years). Children had to see pictures of facial and corporal expressions of happiness, sadness, anger and fear. Participants were than asked to say if they recognized the facial and corporal expressed emotion, from a labels related to these basic emotions and represented by emoticons. The results showed enhanced recognition of facial and corporal expressions of fear in children of 8-11 years olds compared to those of 6-7 years olds (p < .01, r > .50). On the other hand, the result showed significant differences (p < .01, r > .50), between children of 6-7 and 8-11 years olds, in the recognition of facial expressions of anger than the corporal expressions of anger. Children of 6-7 years olds showed enhanced recognition of facial expression of anger than corporal expression of anger. These differences were reversed in children of 8-11 years olds. One may conclude that anger and fear facial expressions recognition is an important indicator of the proper development of children. Emotional learning from 7 years olds, will ensure better emotional regulation, and a beneficial effect on the child's performance in school.

Is there still a place for continuous closed irrigation in the management of periprosthetic total knee infection?

In recent decades, many technical improvements have been achieved in the use of prosthetic joints, and the risk of infection has been greatly reduced, to current rates of 0.4-2.0% following primary knee replacement. However, the increasing rate of joint replacements being performed means that the absolute number of such infections remains significant and poses substantial costs to healthcare systems worldwide. Accordingly, further strategies to treat and prevent total joint infections should be investigated. Infections following knee replacements can compromise the function and durability of arthroplasty. When these infections occur during the immediate postoperative period, irrigation and debridement with component retention can be attempted to salvage the implant. This is an attractive, cheap, low-morbidity treatment for periprosthetic knee infection. However, the results published regarding this procedure are uneven; some studies report the eradication of prosthetic joint infection by debridement alone in 70-90% of cases but conversely, others have reported a high failure rate for this procedure, averaging 68% (61-82%). The difference could be attributed in part to the multiplicity of variables that may influence the success of the procedure. One such is that of treatment with a continuous irrigation system, which has the theoretical advantage of enabling the administration of antimicrobial agents, as well as the drainage of debris and blood clots. The objective of this study is to elucidate the overall efficacy of irrigation and debridement with prosthesis retention in infected total knee arthroplasty and to determine whether the addition of a continuous irrigation system influences this efficacy.

Reserva cognitiva y déficit en la planificación en pacientes con esclerosis múltiple / Cognitive reserve and planning deficit in patients with multiple sclerosis

La esclerosis múltiple afecta el sistema nervioso produciendo alteraciones cognitivas. La memoria es uno de los más afectados, no obstante la naturaleza ó factor primario de alteración aún no se clarifica. Objetivo: Estudiar las diferencias en el procesamiento de la información verbal en un grupo de pacientes con esta patología neurológica respecto a un grupo de control sano. Para ello se analizó el desempeño neuropsicológico de 16 pacientes con esclerosis múltiple de tipo remitente-recurrente y un grupo de control equiparado en las variables sociodemográficas. A los dos grupos se les aplicó el Test de Aprendizaje Verbal España-Complutense, y se realizó una comparación entre diversos índices de la prueba, además de un análisis de correlaciones entre las variables socio-demográficas del grupo experimental para identificar algún factor protector. Resultados: el grupo de esclerosis múltiple obtuvo rendimientos inferiores en los índices analizados respecto al de control, además de una correlación positiva entre años de escolaridad y el inicio de la enfermedad y entre el inicio de la enfermedad y la ocupación. Los datos encontrados parecen indicar que los pacientes con esclerosis múltiple tienen poca capacidad de planificación, que incide de manera directa en su desempeño en tareas de memoria y aprendizaje(AU)

Multiple sclerosis affects the nervous system causing cognitive impairment. Memory is one of the most affected, notwithstanding the nature or primary factor of disturbance is not yet clarified. Objective: To study the differences in verbal information processing in a group of this neurological pathology patients compared to healthy control group. To do this we examined the neuropsychological performance of 16 patients with multiple sclerosis relapsing-remitting type and a control group. The two groups were administered the Verbal Learning Test Spain-Complutense and a comparison between various test indices in both groups, and an analysis of correlation between socio-demographic variables in the experimental group to identify a protective factor. Results: Multiple sclerosis group obtained lower scores on indices analyzed with respect to control, as well as positive correlation between years of schooling and the onset of the disease and between the onset of the disease and occupation. The data found suggest that multiple sclerosis patients have little ability to plan, which directly affects their performance in learning and memory tasks(AU)

¿Son relevantes los procesos volitivos y de autorreflexión en los programas de reducción de peso? / Are relevant self-reflection and volition process in lose weight programs?

El sobrepeso se ha convertido en uno de los problemas de salud más importantes en el último siglo, no sólo por el deterioro en la calidad de vida de las personas que lo sufren, también por su relación con enfermedades como la diabetes, las cardiopatías y el cáncer. Desarrollo. La mayoría de los tratamientos están orientados a mantener el equilibrio entre el ingreso (dieta) y el gasto (actividad física) energético, mientras los factores psicológicos, y en menor grado los sociodemográficos, no reciben la importancia que merecen por su papel en la etiología y desarrollo de este problema de salud. Objetivo. Analizar y reflexionar, a través de la literatura científica presente en los últimos años, sobre la necesidad de educar y entrenar en dos procesos centrales e inductores de la pérdida de peso, como son la autorreflexión y la volición, muy relacionados con el correcto desarrollo psicológico de las personas. Conclusiones. La focalización en los aspectos volitivos y autorreflexivos de la conducta en personas con sobrepeso podría mejorar la efectividad del tratamiento por la estrecha relación que mantienen con la motivación ("querer adelgazar") y el autoconcepto ("imagen de uno mismo"), procesos éstos que se han mostrado importantes en la reducción de peso.

Overweight has become one of the most important health problems in the last hundred years, not only owing to the deterioration in quality of life of the persons suffering from it, but also because of its relation to diseases such as diabetes, heart disease and cancer. Development. Most treatments are oriented towards maintaining a balance between intake (diet) and expenditure of energy (physical activity), whereas psychological, and to a lesser degree, socio-demographic, factors do not receive they attention they deserve for their role in the etiology and development of this health problem. Objective. To analyze and reflect, based on the most recent scientific literature, about the need to educate and train individuals in two central process that induce weight loss: self-reflection and volition, very closely related to correct psychological development. Conclusions. Focusing on volitional and self-reflexive aspects of behavior in persons who are overweight could improve the effectiveness of treatment owing to the close relation between motivation ("wanting to lose weight") and self-concept ("one's image of oneself"), processes that have been shown to be important in weight reduction.

The impact of poly drug use on several prospective memory measures in a sample of university students / Impacto del policonsumo de drogas sobre varias medidas de memoria prospectiva en una muestra de estudiantes universitarios

The prolonged consumption of drugs has been associated with neuropsychological and cognitive deficits. The most important deficits are associated with executive functions and memory problems, specifically with prospective memory (PM). This type of memory plays a central role in our daily life. However, there is a lack of studies on the effects of poly drug consumption on prospective memory. In this study we aim to discover to what extent the length and amount of estimated consumption of alcohol, tobacco, cannabis and tranquilizers predicts the scores of self-reported prospective memory, and the scores on two objective tasks designed for this study. Measures included a Spanish version of the UEL Recreational Drug Use Questionnaire and the Prospective Memory Questionnaire, both with objective scores on two experimental tasks. The sample was composed of 164 participants (145 females and 19 males) aged 19- 36 (M = 19.85, SD = 2.21). Stepwise regression analysis showed that years of cannabis consumption explained 13% of self-reported long term PM deficits. Years of alcohol consumption explained 18.4% of total variance of self-rated internally-cued PM deficits. Years of alcohol consumption and estimated amount of alcohol together predicted 30.2% of variance of objective event-based PM tasks. The estimated amount of tobacco and tranquilizers consumption predicted 33.7% of the time-based PM task.

El consumo prolongado de drogas se ha asociado a déficit neuropsicológicos y cognitivos. Los déficits más importantes están asociados con las funciones ejecutivas y los problemas de memoria, y en concreto con la memoria prospectiva (MP). Este tipo de memoria juega un papel central en nuestra vida diaria. Sin embargo, faltan estudios sobre los efectos del policonsumo de drogas en la MP. En este estudio pretendemos conocer en qué medida los años desde el inicio de su consumo y la cantidad de consumo estimada de alcohol, tabaco, cannabis y tranquilizantes predicen las puntuaciones autoinformadas de memoria prospectiva y las puntuaciones objetivas en dos tareas experimentales diseñadas por nosotros. Entre las medidas se incluyeron una versión en español del UEL Recreational Drug Use Questionnaire, el Prospective Memory Questionnaire, junto con las puntuaciones objetivas en dos tareas experimentales. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 164 participantes (145 mujeres y 19 varones) con edades comprendidas entre los 19 y 36 años (M: 19.85 años, DE: 2.21). Los análisis de regresión por pasos mostraron que los años de consumo de cannabis explican un 13% de los problemas autoinformados de MP a largo plazo medidos con el PMQ. En el caso de los problemas autoinformados de MP con pistas internas, son los años de consumo de alcohol los que mayor porcentaje de la varianza explican (18.4%). Respecto a las tareas objetivas de MP, los años de consumo de alcohol y la cantidad estimada de alcohol predicen el 30.2% de la varianza de la tarea prospectiva de eventos. El 33.7% de la tarea de MP de tiempo era predicha por la cantidad estimada de consumo de tranquilizantes y de tabaco.